The group’s adjusted operating income came to €101m during the same period, which reflects a year-on-year decline of €17.8m. The margin was 9.4% in the first nine months of 2016 (compared with 10.6% for the same period last year). 

The group has also reported improved cash flow, rising by 8.5% to €130.4m, and net debt was reduced by €24.7m compared with the end of last year. 

“The development shows a mixed picture, and we are still not satisfied," said Gerhard Hausruckinger, speaker of the management board (pictured). "Positive aspects include good progress in our operations function, improved order intake in the consumer experiences sector and stronger cash flow.

"In order to improve GfK’s performance and to successfully position the company on the market over the long term, we will consistently pursue the measures we have already begun implementing.”